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Formula: C
Native element, isometric paramorph of hexagonal, shock-metamorphosed
chaoite, hexagonal low pressure high temperature
graphite, hexagonal
lonsdaleite formed by shock-compression of
graphite, isometric
tartarosite found as inclusions in diamond
and UM2003-04-E:C
Carbonado is a massive, porous, opaque, grey, brown, or black variety of diamond used as an abrasive and in
rock drills
(Mindat).
Crystal System: Isometric
Specific gravity: 3.5 to 3.53 measured, 3.515 calculated
Hardness: 10
Streak: none
Colour: Colourless, yellow, green, pink, blue, black
Solubility: Insoluble in hydrochloric, sulphuric and nitric acid
Environments:
Plutonic igneous environments
Placers
Meteorites
Most commonly diamond is found as placers
in alluvial deposits where it accumulates because of its inert chemical nature, its great hardness
(it is the hardest natural substance known) and its fairly high
specific gravity.
Diamond is formed deep in the mantle at depths greater than 120 km where the temperature is about 950oC and the pressure is
about 4.5 GPa. Diamond formed at depths below 240 km may contain metal inclusions and majorite.
It is only brought to the surface via kimberlite pipes. Indicator minerals in
kimberlite are pyrope,
diopside, olivine and ilmenite variety
picroilmenite
(GAHK 2019 pps28-33).
Diamond may be found in kimberlite,
and also occasionally in eclogite. It is also found in alluvial
deposits, along with
quartz,
corundum and zircon.
Localities
At the Witwatersrand goldfield, South Africa, diamonds are of
placer origin, and they are always green. The colouring
is surficial, and due to a thin green outer rind surrounding colourless interiors. The green colour is caused by
radiation, presumed to emanate from the uranium present in the
conglomerate ore.
Since the diamonds are of placer origin they must
predate the deposition of the Witwatersrand Mesoarchean (3.2 to 2.8 billion years ago) sediments, and they indicate
the onset of modern style plate tectonics as early as 3.6 billion years ago
(R&M 96.4.323-324).
Alteration
Diamond is the high pressure paramorph of
graphite. At
800oC diamond is the stable paramorph at pressures above about 35 kbar
(SERC).
Coexistence of diamond and carbonate minerals:
The coexistence of diamond and carbonate minerals in mantle
eclogite is explained by the reaction:
dolomite + coesite →
diopside + diamond + oxygen
MgCa(CO3)2 + 2SiO2 → CaMgSi2O6 + 2C + 2O2
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