Fluorite

fluorite

halite

cryolite

spinel

Images

Formula: CaF₂
Fluoride

Varieties

Yttrofluorite is a variety of fluorite containing an appreciable amount of trivalent yttrium (Y) taking the place of divalent calcium (Ca) cations in the fluorite structure (Mindat)
Images of fluorescing yttrofluorite

Properties

Crystal System: Isometric
Specific gravity: 3.175 to 3.56 measured, 3.181 calculated
Hardness: 4
Streak: White
Colour: Colourless, white, purple, green, blue, yellow, pink, red. Fluorite which is purple in daylight is coloured by the Frenkel defect, where an electron displaces a fluorine F^- ion, during growth or when radiation displaces it from its usual position. A deep green daylight colour can be caused by the divalent samarium ion Sm²⁺ and yellow by gadolinium Gd³⁺. Radiation from included or nearby radioactive atoms releases atoms of calcium and fluorine from the fluorite, causing a very dark violet colour, and the rare and beautiful pink fluorite from Switzerland is coloured by impurities of yttrium oxide YO₂ (AM 52.1003-1008). Some fluorites are light blue because they contain an yttrium Y³⁺ ion substituting for the calcium near a fluorine vacancy, which is populated by two electrons; this complex centre absorbs in the violet and the yellow-green and so gives a blue hue (G&G XXIV.11).
Solubility: Slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid; moderately soluble in sulphuric acid; slightly soluble in water
Melting point 1403°C, boiling point 2500°C.
Common impurities: Y,Ce,Si,Al,Fe,Mg,Eu,Sm,O,ORG,Cl,TR
Environments:

Plutonic igneous environments
Pegmatites
Carbonatites
Metamorphic environments
Hydrothermal environments
Hot spring deposits

Fluorite is a common and widely distributed mineral; it mainly occurs as a pore-filling mineral in limestone and dolostone, and in mesothermal (moderate temperature) and hypothermal (high temperature) hydrothermal vein deposits associated with lead and silver ores. Less often it may be found as a primary mineral in igneous rocks and pegmatites, where it is a late-stage mineral following deposition of beryl, topaz and tourmaline. It also may be precipitated at hot springs (R&M 88-2:134).
In carbonatites it is associated with albite and pyrite (HOM).
When fluorite occurs as a cavity fill in carbonate rocks it is usually associated with calcite, dolomite, anhydrite, gypsum and sulphur.
In hornfels of contact metamorphic rocks fluorite is associated with calcite and spinel (AS).
In hydrothermal vein deposits, fluorite may be found with calcite, dolomite, baryte, galena, sphalerite and molybdenite.

Fluorite may be found in granite, quartzolite and dolostone.

Pseudomorphs of quartz after fluorite are common. Fluorite also forms pseudomorphs after calcite, baryte and galena (Dana).

Fluorescence

Fluorite is often, but not always, fluorescent, generally stronger under long wave than under short wave ultraviolet. Pure fluorite, however, is colourless and perfectly transparent, and does not fluoresce. The divalent europium ion Eu²⁺ is the most common activator, and causes intense blue fluorescence. Other activators include divalent samarium Sm²⁺ causing red fluorescence, trivalent samarium Sm³⁺, trivalent europium Eu³⁺, dysprosium Dy³⁺ causing yellow fluorescence, holmium Ho³⁺, erbium Er³⁺, terbium Tb³⁺ and neodymium Nd³⁺, all these are rare earth elements (FLM).

Localities

At Rumsby's mine, New South Wales, Australia, indications are that fluorite was formed at temperatures between 451 and 462^oC in intersecting vein systems in granite. The paragenetic sequence included early stage smoky quartz, arsenopyrite, ferberite, bismuth, monazite, fluorite, beryl, ilmenite, K-feldspar variety adularia, muscovite and tourmaline group minerals. A later stage precipitated quartz, muscovite, chalcopyrite, pyrite and chlorite group minerals. Secondary alteration replacement minerals included scheelite after ferberite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and cubanite, hematite and rutile after ilmenite and covellite after chalcopyrite. ( AJM 18.2.26 )

At the Summit Cleft, Weißeck area, Muhr, Tamsweg District, Salzburg, Austria, in the summer of 2022, Reinhold Bacher and his colleagues found what they first thought was a new pocket where they extracted spectacular fluorite. In fact the area had been mined in the seventeenth century, as was evidenced by the discovery of an old mediaeval mining chisel in the pocket.
The fluorite crystals reach edge lengths up to 6 cm; they are colour-zoned, from violet to dark blue, pale blue, cyan and green, and in spite of the depth of colour they are transparent. They often show small intergrown blades of white baryte, and purple spots most likely due to low levels of radioactivity. They also show an alexandrite effect, appearing different colours under different light sources (Minrec 54.747-764).
Fluorite from the Summit Cleft - Image

The Fazenda Concórdia pegmatite, Mimoso do Sul, Espírito Santo, Brazil, is a pegmatitic fluorite occurrence, with hunks of pegmatite measuring from 6 cm to more than 35 cm, hosting somewhat rough cubic crystals of greenish blue fluorite to a remarkable 20 cm on edge, together with sizable crystals and cleavage sections of very pale green amazonite. The uncommon colour of the translucent, somewhat distorted fluorite crystals, together with their occurrence in a pegmatite, make the specimens interesting, although they are more impressive for size than for beauty (Minrec 55.1.86).

At the Rock Candy Mine, Grand Forks, Greenwood Mining Division, British Columbia, Canada, quartz pseudomorphs after fluorite have been found (KL p251). The fluorite is generally pale greenish yellow and fluoresces bright blue (Mindat photos).
Fluorite from the Rock Candy Mine - Image

At the Marron Volcanics of the Olalla Area South-Central British Columbia, Canada, fluorite has been found occurring as clear, colorless octahedra to 1 mm, intimately associated with brewsterite at the Yellow Lake road cut, and at a road cut along Highway 3A, green fluorite crystals to 1.5 mm have been found in cavities in laumontite veins (R&M 96.6.521-522).

At the Ontario Gem Mine, Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada, a specimen with fluorite crystals on quartz variety amethyst has been found (R&M 94.4.338).
rhodochrosite pseudomorphs after fluorite have been found (KL p162).
Fluorite from Mont Saint-Hilaire - Image

At the Pioneer quarry, Kwun Tong District, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, the contact between granite and tuff is very sharp, and many veins and stringers of aplite and pegmatite from the batholith invade the country rock. The granite near the contact contains crystals of fluorite, pyrite, molybdenite and quartz, and calcite-filled vugs. Calcite also occurs along joint planes (Geological Society of Hong Kong Newsletter 1.7.6).

At Devil's Peak, Sai Kung District, New Territories, Hong Kong, China, the mineralisation occurred in quartz veins in the contact zone between a granite intrusion and acid volcanic rocks. The mine is now closed, and inaccessible for collecting.
Fluorite was commonly associated with topaz (Hong Kong Minerals (1991). Peng, C J. Hong Kong Urban Council)

The Ma On Shan Mine, Ma On Shan, Sha Tin District, New Territories, Hong Kong, China, is an abandoned iron mine, with both underground and open cast workings. The iron ores contain magnetite as the ore mineral and occur predominantly as masses of all sizes enclosed in a large skarn body formed by contact metasomatism of dolomitic limestone at the margins of a granite intrusion. In parts of the underground workings magnetite is also found in marble in contact with the granite. The skarn rocks consist mainly of tremolite, actinolite, diopside and garnet. Fluorite is found abundantly as small colourless irregular grains in the skarn rocks, and also commonly filling veins and vugs in the skarn, sometimes as crystals up to 1 cm in size, and often associated with calcite, quartz, serpentine or pyrite (Hong Kong Minerals (1991). Peng, C J. Hong Kong Urban Council)
Fluorite from Ma On Shan - Image

The Needle Hill Mine, Needle Hill, Sha Tin District, New Territories, Hong Kong, China, is a tungsten mine, abandoned in 1967. The principal ore is wolframite, and the principal gangue mineral is quartz. Molybdenum also occurs. The mineralisation consists of a series of parallel fissure veins that cut through granite. Wolframite and quartz are the main minerals, but galena, sphalerite, pyrite, molybdenite and fluorite have also been found here (Geological Society of Hong Kong Newsletter 9.3.29-40). The quartz-wolframite veins are of high-temperature hydrothermal formation, and grade into wolframite-bearing pegmatites. (Hong Kong Minerals (1991). Peng, C J. Hong Kong Urban Council)

The Lin Fa Shan deposit, Tsuen Wan District, New Territories, Hong Kong, China, is located in a remote area of the Tai Mo Shan Country Park, on a steep west facing slope of Lin Fa Shan, just above the abandoned village of Sheung Tong. The surrounding hillsides are covered with shallow excavations, representing past searches for wolframite, the natural ore of tungsten. The abandoned workings are extremely dangerous with unsupported tunnels, open shafts and no maintenance since their closures in 1957; the workings should not be entered (http://industrialhistoryhk.org/lin-shan).
Fluorite occurs as colourless or purplish granular masses in the wolframite-bearing quartz veins and greisen
(Hong Kong Minerals (1991). Peng, C J. Hong Kong Urban Council).

At the Xianghualing Mine, Xianghualing Sn-polymetallic ore field, Linwu County, Chenzhou, Hunan, China, fluorite occurs as pale green, transparent, cubic crystals to 2.3 cm on edge (AESS).
Fluorite from Xianghualing - Image

At the Xianghuapu Mine, Xianghualing Sn-polymetallic ore field, Linwu County, Chenzhou, Hunan, China, fluorite occurs as colourless or green, transparent, cubic crystals to 2 cm on edge (AESS).
Fluorite from Xianghuapu - Image

At Manaoshan Mine, Dongpo ore field, Suxian District, Chenzhou, Hunan, China, fluorite has veen found as simple cubes of pale green, water-clear crystals up to 14 mm on edge, some of which have one or more faces frosted with a white, opaque mineral. These are on a druse of small colourless, vitreous quartz crystals. (AESS).

At the Yaogangxian Mine, Yaogangxian W-Sn ore field, Yizhang County, Chenzhou, Hunan, China, fluorite crystals occur as mauve, water-clear, sharp, simple cubes (AESS).
Fluorite from Yaogangxian - Image

At Shangbao, fluorite crystals occur as colourless, pale purple or green, water-clear, sharp, simple cubes, associated with dolomite (AESS).
Fluorite from Shangbao - Image

The Bairendaba Ag-polymetallic deposit, Hexigten Banner, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, China, is a mesothermal magmatic-hydrothermal vein-type silver - lead - zinc deposit, hosted in Hercynian (about 419 to 299 million years ago) quartz diorite.
It is suggested that, with decreasing temperature, mineral compositions changed progressively from tungstate and oxide, to diatomic sulphide, to simple sulphide, to an antimony sulphosalt mineral, and finally to an antimonide.
Fluorite occurs at Bairendaba as cubic, cuboctahedral, and cube + dodecahedron crystals, rarely to over 6 cm in size, primarily in shades of blue-violet but also in shades of blue-green and green. Inclusions of acicular boulangerite are common (Minrec 53.347-359).
Fluorite from Bairendaba - Image

At the Shijiang Shan-Shalonggou mine, Hexigten Banner, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, China, the mineral deposits occur predominantly in veins of hydrothermal origin in skarn. Fluorite occurs sparingly as octahedral crystals to 1 cm at Shijiangshan; they are frequently coated by a quartz crust. At Shalonggou, however, attractive and large, pale green, octahedral crystals to 5 cm on edge occur, also coated with a thin quartz crust (R&M 96.5.401).
Fluorite from Shijiang Shan - Image

At the Yindu Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, Hexigten Banner, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, China, fluorite crystals occur as green or purple, water-clear simple cubes (AESS).
Fluorite from Yindu - Image

At the Xiefang Mine, Ruijin County, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China, abundant green, purple or white fluorite occurs, massive or as sharp octahedrons (AESS)
Fluorite from Xiefang - Image

At the Dugupi-Ma'anshan Sb ore field, Weishan County, Dali, Yunnan, China, simple cubes of fluorite occur. In reflected light some of the crystals are a fairly dull, purplish-grey colour. In transmitted light it is apparent that they are translucent, and zoned, with a very pale mauve interior, and a much darker narrow purple outer zone (AESS).
Fluorite from the Dugupi-Ma'anshan Sb ore field - Image

At Johanngeorgenstadt, Erzgebirgskreis, Saxony, Germany, fluorite is fairly sparse in the metallic ore veins. In the pyrite veins of the Gewerken Hoffnung mine, cavity fillings of green fluorite have been noted. An association of green fluorite with chlorite, hematite, actinolite, chalcopyrite and cassiterite occurred in the Treue Freundschaft mine. In bismuth - cobalt - nickel veins, fluorite occurred as a massive gangue mineral and only rarely as well-formed octahedral crystals to 3 cm. Most commonly this fluorite is green to pale violet and sometimes colour-zoned, although in the vicinity of uranium-bearing minerals it is dark purple to black (MinRec 55.5.597).

At Lettermuckoo Quarry, Kinvarra, Connemara, Galway County, Connacht, Ireland, the minerals are hosted by a megacrystic pink to grey monzogranite, with occasional pegmatitic segregations.
Fluorite and quartz are the principal early phases in the paragenetic sequence. Fluorite was occasionally found as free grown crystals, but on most specimens calcite was removed using dilute orthophosphoric acid to reveal earlier fluorite. Crystals vary from medium to very dark purple, and are invariably octahedral. The largest crystals are up to about 20mm on edge (JRS 22.40)
Fluorite from the Lettermuckoo Quarry - Image

At the Pili Mine, Saucillo Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico, fluorite pseudomorphs after calcite have been found (KL p149).

At Charcas, Charcas Municipality, San Luis Potosí, Mexico, the primary minerals are sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, bornite, tetrahedrite, arsenopyrite, pyrite and silver minerals such as jalpaite, diaphorite and acanthite. In the host rock, as metamorphic or alteration minerals, danburite, datolite, hedenbergite, epidote, chlorite, andradite, actinolite and wollastonite have been reported.
Quartz, calcite and danburite crystallised during the entire life of the systems, throughout the intrusive emplacement, metamorphism, and mineralising events. With depth, both sphalerite and galena decrease while chalcopyrite increases.
Secondary sulphides formed include bornite, covellite, digenite and chalcocite. Native silver, native gold, hematite and goethite were deposited after the sulphides (Minrec 55.6.727-728).
Fluorits has commonly been observed as late-stage, fine-grained, anhedral interstitial blebs in the sulphide ores. Well crystallised specimens are extremely rare in old collections, as colourless 2 cm octahedrons. More recently, in 2020, a very small find produced ochre-brown octahedrons to 1.7 cm in size, on a white calcite and quartz matrix (Minrec 55.6.757).

At Zacatecas, Mexico, fluorite occurs as groups of cubic crystals aligned along tubular voids in massive opal variety hyalite (R&M 93.5.409).
Fluorite from Zacatecas - Image

At Trestia, south of Cavnic, Muramures, Romania, chalcedony pseudomorphs after fluorite have been found (KL p257).
Chalcedony after Fluorite - Image

At Dalnegorsk, Russia, quartz pseudomorphs after fluorite, and calcite pseudomorphs after fluorite, with a quartz coating, have been found (KL p252, 153).
Fluorite from Dalnegorsk - Image

Berbes, Berbes mining area, Ribadesella, Asturias, Spain is known worldwide for the exceptional quality and beauty of its fluorite specimens, generally considered to be among the world’s finest.
The fluorite generally occurs as simple cubes, sometimes modified by small dodecahedral faces, and stepped and mosaic crystal faces are a conspicuous characteristic.
The crystals range in colour from colourless to pale blue and purple. The darkest, most intense purple colour, usually seen in early-stage fluorite, is thought to be an effect of the highest temperature and salinity formation conditions in the deposit. The blue to colourless fluorite formed at the lowest temperatures, and zones with these colours have commonly grown over darker, higher-temperature cores after marked interruptions in crystal growth caused by changes in the mineralising fluids. Commonly the colourless to pale blue fluorite crystals overlie other, earlier minerals such as baryte, sometimes resulting in very showy specimens.
The colour of fluorite may be due to the Frenkel defect, produced by the absence of the fluorine ion, F^-1 from its lattic site; voids in the crystal lattice occur when a fluorine ion has moved to a normally vacant site other than its own, leaving its own lattice site vacant. Associated energy changes cause the colour. Another mechanism is the Schottky defect, where two ions of different polarity are missing: these voids in the crystal lattice can also produce the characteristic purple colour so common in fluorite. A very dark blue uniform colour throughout the entire fluorite crystal can be caused by colloidal calcium. In some very specific areas fluorite of a rare, very dark purple, almost black colour occurs; this colouration is due to trace levels of radioactive elements. Fluorite from Berbes is generally not fluorescent.
Colour zoning is one of the most attractive features of Berbes fluorite. Changes in the chemistry and/or temperature of the mineralising fluids are reflected as variations in colour or morphology as the crystals grow. Nearly every fluorite specimen from this locality shows parallel, concentric phantoms of a uniform, very dark purple colour (MinRec 55.1.17-74).
Fluorite from Berbes - Image

From Carn Brea Mine, Pool, Carn Brea, Cornwall, England, specimen BM.1964,R1139 from the Natural History Museum, London, features colourless transparent cubic crystals of fluorite with dark purple edge zoning scattered over a matrix of milky quartz crystals with a coating of iron oxide (RES2 p148).
Fluorite from the Carn Brea Mine - Image

At Wheal Mary Ann, Menheniot, Cornwall, England, UK, quartz pseudomorphs after fluorite have been found (R&M 95.3.275). The fluorite is generally pale greenish yellow and fluoresces blue.
Fluorite from Wheal Mary Ann - Image

At the Whiteheaps Mine, Hunstanworth, Coounty Durham, England, UK, colourless to pale purple fluorite occurs associated with quartz, ankerite and calcite (R&M 95.4.335).
Fluorite from Whiteheaps - Image

At the Burtree Pasture mine, Cowshill, Stanhope, County Durham, England, UK, purple fluorite occurs with quartz, iron carbonates and calcite (SY p158, R&M 95.4.318)
Fluorite from the Burtree Pasture Mine - Image

At the Greenlaws Mine, Daddry Shield, Stanhope, County Durham, England, UK, well formed purple and amber coloured fluorite crystals are found, that fluoresce bright blue (R&M 95.4.320).
They are almost invariably simple cubes with no additional crystal forms, often water-clear and associated with galena (AESS).
Fluorite from Greenlaws - Image

At the Eastgate Quarry, Eastgate, Stanhope, County Durham, England, UK, green fluorite occurs with internal purple colour zones. Yellow and purple fluorite is also found rarely (R&M 95.4.322).
Fluorite from Eastgate - Image

At the Blackdene Mine, Ireshopeburn, Stanhope, County Durham, England, UK, purple fluorite occurs with galena and other sulphides on a quartz matrix. Yellow and green crystals of fluorite have also been found (R&M 95.4.317).
Fluorite from the Blackdene Mine - Image

At the Rogerley Mine, Rogerley Quarry, Stanhope, County Durham, England, UK, green, purple and yellow fluorite has been found, often associated with galena. The best known are the colour-change crystals which show strong blue highlights in daylight, and are pure green in artificial light (R&M 95.4.327). These Weardale fluorites contain ten times more rare earth elements than do the non-fluorescent Derbyshire fluorites. The green colour is thought to be due to the presence of samarium Sm²⁺ as an impurity (https://e-rocks.com/blogs/11437/daylight-fluorescence-weardale-green-fluorspar).
Fluorite from the Rogerley Mine - Image

At the Boltsburn Mine, Rookhope, Stanhope, County Durham, England, UK, fluorite is associated with siderite and calcite. Epimorphs of siderite after fluorite have been found here (SY p150, 158). Deep blue fluorite crystals occur associated with quartz, calcite siderite and galena (R&M 95.4.332).
Fluorite from the Boltsburn Mine - Image

At Frazer's Hush Mine, Rookhope, Stanhope, County Durham, England, UK, purple fluorite occurs with quartz, galena and sphalerite (R&M 95.4.334).
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hushing for the meaning of "Hush"
Fluorite from Frazer's Hush - Image

At the Redburn Mine, Rookhope, Stanhope, County Durham, England, UK, pale to medium green fluorite occurs with calcite, quartz and minor sulphides. Groups of small purple fluorite have also been found (R&M 95.4.332).
Fluorite from the Redburn Mine - Image

At the Stotfield Burn Mine, Rookhope, Stanhope, Co. Durham, England, UK, some purple and purple-green fluorite has been found associated with galena on a quartz matrix (R&M 95.4.329).
Fluorite from the Stotfield Burn Mine - Image

At the Heights Mine, Westgate, Stanhope, County Durham, England, UK, magnificent emerald-green fluorite crystals to 8 cm have been found, and also pale purple to colourless fluorite. Associated minerals include galena, calcite and aragonite (R&M 95.4.322).
Fluorite from the Heights Quarry - Image

At the West Pasture Mine, Stanhope, County Durham, England, UK, fluorite occurs which is apple-green when recovered, but which fades to purplish grey on exposure to sunlight (R&M 95.4.325).
It is often associated with quartz, either rock crystal or citrine, and sometimes fluoresces blue under long wave UV (AESS).
Fluorite from the West Pasture Mine - Image

At the Middlehope Burn, Westgate, Weardale, North Pennines, County Durham, England, UK, emerald-green fluorite occurs on a buff coloured friable matrix (R&M 95.4.322).
Fluorite from Middlehope - Image

At Rotherhope Fell Mine, Black Burn Area, Alston Moor, Eden, Cumbria, England, UK, fluorite occurs with calcite and quartz on massive black limestone (SY p155). Purple is the most common colour for the fluorite, and some crystals have a surface layer of amber yellow surrounding a purple core (R&M 95.4.330).
Fluorite from the Rotherhope Fell Mine - Image

At the Brownley Hill Mine, Nenthead, Alston Moor, Eden, Cumbria, England, UK, good quality specimens of amber coloured fluorite are found (R&M 95.4.337).
Fluorite from Brownley Hill - Image

At the Rampgill Mine, Nenthead, Alston Moor, Eden, Cumbria, England, UK, some specimens of small, pale yellow fluorite crystals with siderite on quartz have been found (R&M 95.4.337).
Fluorite from the Rampgill Mine - Image

At the Smallcleugh Mine, Nenthead, Alston Moor, Eden, Cumbria, England, UK, small crystals of yellowish white fluorite have been found, that fluoresce blue under short wave UV (AESS).
Fluorite from Smallcleugh - Image

The Hilton Mine, Scordale, Murton, Eden, Cumbria, England, UK, is famous for yellow to amber coloured fluorite, and is one of the few localities in the region where fluorite is found together with barium minerals, such as baryte (R&M 95.4.340).
Fluorite from the Hilton Mine - Image

At Ashover, Derbyshire, England, UK, fluorite is associated with galena and sphalerite, and sometimes has inclusions of pyrite (RES p102, 103).
Fluorite from Ashover - Image

At the Odin mine, Castleton, Derbyshire, England, UK, fluorite is associated with baryte (RES p129).
Fluorite from the Odin Mine - Image

At Treak Cliff, Castleton, Derbyshire, England, UK, fluorite is associated with calcite on a limestone matrix (RES p126).
Fluorite from Treak Cliff - Image

At the Crich quarry, Crich, Derbyshire, England, UK, fluorite has been found with baryte and calcite (RES p100).
Fluorite from Crich Quarry - Image

At Eyam, Derbyshire, England, UK, fluorite is associated with calcite, sphalerite and galena (RES p117).
Fluorite from Eyam - Image

At Hopping Pipe mine, Matlock, Derbyshire, England, UK, fluorite is often associated with minor galena or pyromorphite (RES p72).

At the Millclose Mine, South Darley, Derbyshire Dales District, Derbyshire, England, UK, fluorite occurs with galena and sphalerite, with minor pyrite and baryte, on a limestone matrix. Fluorite also has been found associated with hemimorphite (RES p92, 94).

From Bere Ferrers, West Devon, Devon, England, UK, miniature specimen BM.1964,R1315 from the Natural History Museum, London, features pale blue to mauve cubic crystals of fluorite on grey metallic dodecahedral crystals of galena, with a later overgrowth of brassy chalcopyrite, with minor quartz matrix (RES2).
Fluorite from Bere Ferrers - Image

At Croft Quarry, Croft, Blaby, Leicestershire, England, UK, three generations of colourless to pale yellow or pale greenish blue fluorite occur, associated with chalcopyrite, analcime and calcite. No specimens have been seen where any of the three generations of fluorite have been enclosed by later minerals, indicating that the fluorite crystallisation is very late in the paragenesis (JRS 20.15-16).

At the Elbolton Mine, Elbolton Hill, Thorpe, Craven, North Yorkshire, England, UK, colourless fluorite has been found with a deep indigo-blue surface layer (R&M 95.4.343).
Fluorite from Elbolton - Image

At the Coldstones Quarry, Greenhow, High and Low Bishopside, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, UK, colourless to pale yellow fluorite crystals are found, many with a thin blue or purple layer at the surface (R&M 95.4.343).
Fluorite from Coldstones Quarry - Image

At the Gillheads Mine, Skyreholme, High and Low Bishopside, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, UK, fluorite is typically colourless to pale yellow with a characteristic thin blue/purple layer at the surface (R&M 95.4.343).
Fluorite from the Gillheads Mine - Image

At the Raygill Level, Hawes, Wensleydale, North Pennines, North Yorkshire, England, UK, colourless, pale yellow and purple fluorite is associated with baryte and sulphides (R&M 95.4.342).
Fluorite from the Raygill Level - Image

At the Seata Mine, Aysgarth, Richmondshire, North Yorkshire, England, UK, yellow and amber coloured fluorite occurs with galena (R&M 95.4.342).
Fluorite from the Seata Mine - Image

At the Wet Grooves Mine, Carperby-cum-Thoresby, Richmondshire, North Yorkshire, England, UK, colourless to yellow fluorite occurs with baryte and calcite (R&M 95.4.342).
Fluorite from the Wet Grooves Mine - Image

At the Allenheads Mine (Beaumont Mine), Allendale, Northumberland, England, UK, pale lavender crystals of fluorite associated with sphalerite and siderite, and purple fluorite associated with siderite and galena have been found (R&M 95.4.336).
Fluorite from the Allenheads Mine - Image

At St Peter's Mine, Sparty Lea, Allendale, Northumberland, England, UK, good quality green fluorite has been found, and also amber and purplish-grey crystals associated with galena, often with overgrowths of siderite or quartz (SY p155, R&M 95.4.337).
Fluorite from St Peter's Mine - Image

At the Hampstead Farm quarry, Chipping Sodbury, South Gloucestershire, England, UK, fluorite has been found on a calcite matrix (RES p174).
Fluorite from Chipping Sodbury - Image

At the East Arn Gill mine, Muker, Richmondshire, North Yorkshire, England, UK, fluorite has been found with included zones of tiny chalcopyrite crystals with cerussite coated galena crystals (SY p150).

At the Tockington limestone quarry, near Olveston, South Gloucestershire, England, UK, fluorite has been found on calcite in limestone (RES p170).

At the Croft quarry, Croft, Leicestershire, fluorite has been found associated with calcite, analcime and chalcopyrite (RES p189).

At Duck Street Quarry, Greenhow, High and Low Bishopside, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, UK, fluorite is found with inclusions of chalcopyrite (SY p158).

Fluorite from Duck Street Quarry - Image

At the Rorrington mine, Chirbury, Shelve, Shropshire, England, UK, fluorite has been found with baryte (RES p287).

At Roar Hill, Ballater, Buchan Grampian, Scotland, UK, lead-bearing vein mineralisation was exposed during recent work carried out on an unmetalled vehicle track. A small temporary quarry exposed fluorite-bearing quartz veins and minor wulfenite in light-coloured granite. At a second site, a little further to the west, an oxidised galena-bearing quartz vein was exposed.
Cavities lined with pyramidal quartz crystals, low temperature K-feldspar and fluorite were common in veins exposed at the quarry site. Complete fluorite crystals rarely exceed 5 mm on edge. Many crystals have distinct blue to purple colour zones, and in a few crystals a dark purple corner is present. Although fluorite appears to be absent at the track locality, its former presence is betrayed by the presence of cubic epimorphs; similar epimorphs occur at the quarry site (JRS 22.32).

At the Potter-Cramer mine, Vulture Mining District, Maricopa county, Arizona, USA, fluorite is quite common as octahedral crystals that are milky white, pale blue or dark purple-brown. The milky white and blue fluorite fluoresces under LW, MW and SW UV, being strongest under LW, and typically europium-activated violet in colour. The darker-coloured fluorite does not seem to fluoresce (R&M 96.1.29).
Fluorite from the Potter-Cramer Mine - Image

At the Galena King Mine, Coyote Canyon, Tijeras Canyon Mining District, Bernalillo county, New Mexico, USA, the deposit is hosted in granite gneiss. Fluorite ranges in colour from a deep ultramarine-blue to a medium blue, and some pockets produced teal blue–green crystals. The blue fluorite changes colour, blue under daylight and purple under incandescent light. Crystals to 4 cm typically form as intergrown groups on plates to 45 cm. Most crystals are cubes, but a few pockets have produced stepped octahedra. The majority of pockets experienced a secondary growth of opaque reddish-brown drusy fluorite covering the internal blue colour of the primary fluorite. Some of the fluorite is associated with slightly altered galena and bladed baryte groups (R&M 95.5.406).
Fluorite from the Galena King Mine - Image

At the Highland Mary (Frustration) Mine, Tijeras Canyon District, Bernalillo county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite veins are hosted in granite. Fluorite occurs as sea-foam green stepped octahedra or blue stepped cubes; simple cubes are uncommon. Crystals are usually smaller than 2.5 cm, but some reach 5 cm on edge. The fluorite may exhibit a colour change, appearing bluish in artificial light and more of a green colour in sunlight (R&M 95.5.407).
Fluorite from the Highland Mary Mine - Image

At the Lucky Bill (Octoroon) Mine, Tijeras Canyon District, Bernalillo county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite occurs as typical stepped blue cubes partially covered with groups of white baryte blades. The mine has also produced large plates of baryte crystals (R&M 95.5.407-408).

In the Bluewater Area, Zuni Mountains, Cibola county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite forms as layered vein fillings, and when split open, plates of teal blue–green botryoids with adamantine luster (unusual for fluorite) are revealed (R&M 95.5.409).

In the Zuni Mountains, Cibola county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite occurs in veins in granite and gneiss at the Prospector’s, Bonnekay, Porter-Mirabal, Grants and Bonita mines. There is much variety in colour with many shades of blue, purple, green, yellow, and brown. Most crystals are simple cubes or stepped cubes to 5 cm, but some specimens from the Bonnekay mine show stepped purple and green octahedra to 2.5 cm (R&M 95.5.408-409).
Fluorite from the Zuni Mountains - Image

At the Stevenson-Bennett Mine, Organ Mining District, Organ Mountains, Doña Ana county, New Mexico, USA, the deposit is much more famous for fine wulfenite but one pocket of fluorite was discovered near the water level, that produced lustrous, transparent purple and green modified cubes that are most likely spinel twins, the only recorded occurrence of this habit in the state (R&M 95.5.410).
Fluorite from the Stevenson-Bennett Mine - Image

The Ruby (Hayner) Mine, Modoc District, Doña Ana county, New Mexico, USA, consists of veins and minor replacement bodies in limestone. Some cubic white and colourless fluorite crystals to over 2.5 cm on gossan matrix have been collected here (R&M 95.5.410).

At Palm Park Mine, Palm Park, Rincon Mining District, Doña Ana county, New Mexico, USA, yellow to amber-colored cubic fluorite to 5 cm is sometimes associated with the primary ore minerals (R&M 95.5.410).

At the Tortugas Mine, Tortugas Mountain District, Doña Ana county, New Mexico, USA, veins are hosted in limestone. Crystals are generally cubes modified by the dodecahedron and range in colour from green to purple to blue, and up to 5 cm across (R&M 95.5.410).

At Doublestrike Prospects, Bound Ranch District, Grant county, New Mexico, USA, teal blue–green cubes of fluorite modified by white or dark purple dodecahedral edges have been found (R&M 95.5.411).
Fluorite from the Doublestrike Prospects - Image

At Little Rock Mine, Deadman Canyon-California Gulch-Whitewater Canyon Area, Burro Mountains District, Grant county, New Mexico, USA, veins of copper mineralisation and minor fluorite are hosted in a monzonite porphyry that is associated with the nearby copper porphyry deposit. Plates of dark purple octahedral fluorite crystals occur on a white matrix, some plates having a second generation of tiny pale purple crystals preferentially coating faces of the larger octahedra (R&M 95.5.412).

At the Lucky Irishman claim, Southwest and Central Burro Mts Area, Burro Mountains District, Grant county, New Mexico, USA, opaque blue-green botryoidal fluorite on quartz has been found (R&M 95.5.412).

At the Pine Canyon deposit, West Burro Mountains, Burro Mountains Mining District, Grant county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite occurs commonly as octahedral crystals to approximately 5 cm, typically medium to dark purple with green cores, although a few specimens show the inverse. Occasionally, the purple crystals have a colourless or pale green rind. The most distinctive characteristic is that the crystal faces are convex. Plates of crystals are common, with many consisting of purple octahedra on a white quartz matrix. Nearly all specimens coming out of the ground are coated with a 1–2-mm thick layer of quartz (R&M 95.5.412-413).
Fluorite from the Pine Canyon Deposit - Image

At the Tyrone Mine, Tyrone Area, Burro Mountains Mining District, Grant county, New Mexico, USA, medium green octahedral crystals of fluorite to 3.2 cm, some on a white quartz matrix, have been found in a vein of fluorite in the main pit. The pit has also produced banded carving-grade fluorite with green, purple, and white zonation (R&M 95.5.414).
Fluorite from the Tyrone Mine - Image

At the Gila Fluorspar Mining District, Grant county, New Mexico, USA, many fine specimens of green and purple octahedral fluorite have been found in vein systems hosted in volcanic rocks (R&M 95.5.414).
Fluorite from the Gila District - Image

At the Foster Mine, Gila Fluorspar District, Grant county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite occurs as plates of green octahedra to 10 cm, solid purple octahedra, two-toned green and purple octahedra, and blue and green octahedra. Some crystals have been covered by a later-stage quartz. Octahedra can be modified by the cube or can often exhibit a late-stage growth of cubes (R&M 95.5.414-415).

At the Last Chance Mine, Gila Fluorspar Mining District, Grant county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite occurs as green octahedra to 7 cm, often with a late-stage growth of white fluorite (R&M 95.5.415).
Fluorite from the Last Chance Mine - Image

At The Cleft, Gila Fluorspar Mining District, Grant county, New Mexico, USA, an outcropping vein of fluorite near the Last Chance mine has produced large plates of medium-to-dark green fluorite octahedra to 10 cm on a side, showing the typical stepped octahedral form (R&M 95.5.415).

At the Turkey Creek Area, Gila Fluorspar Mining District, Grant county, New Mexico, USA, large, 20-cm, plates of purple stepped fluorite octahedra to 2.5 cm have been found, and both green and purple octahedra with crystals to 3 cm (R&M 95.5.415).
Fluorite from Turkey Creek - Image

At the Watson Mountain Prospect, Gila Fluorspar Mining District, Grant county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite occurs as green and purple octahedra to 8 cm. Some of the green crystals are stepped, and all have a tendency to a late-stage growth of white fluorite (R&M 95.5.415-416).
Fluorite from Watson Mountain - Image

At the Bluebird Prospects, Gold Hill District, Grant county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite is hosted in veins cutting granite. Green and purple crystals to 5 cm with cubic, octahedral, and dodecahedral faces have been found, and also, in one small pocket, stepped octahedral fluorite crystals modified by the hexoctahedron (R&M 95.5.416).

At Black Mountain (Polyanna Group), Hidalgo county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite has been found as translucent to transparent, honey-brown to chocolate-brown and black-brown cubes to 3 cm, with hexoctahedral modifications (R&M 95.5.416-417).

At the Gallinas Mountains, Red Cloud District, Lincoln county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite occurs in breccia zones in sediments and a porphyritic trachyte associated with fault zones. Small crystals of deep purple, stepped cubic fluorite with dodecahedral modifications colored red by hematite have been found. Bastnäsite is also present (R&M 95.5.417).
Fluorite from the Gallinas Mountains - Image

At the Smokey Bear Quartz Claims, Lincoln county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite is a minor constituent; some fluorite octahedra have been found in association with the smoky quartz for which the area is famous. The fluorite forms as medium green octahedra sometimes with purple cores, exceptionally to 5 cm, or as white colloform aggregates to 2 cm growing on the sides of quartz crystals (R&M 95.5.417-418).
Fluorite from the Smokey Bear Claims - Image

At Cookes Peak Mining District, Luna county, New Mexico, USA, the deposits are small carbonate replacement deposits in limestone. Fluorite is one of the primary gangue minerals and occurs as green and purple octahedra (R&M 95.5.418-419).
Fluorite from Cookes Peak District - Image

At Lucky Mine, Fluorite Ridge District, Luna county, New Mexico, USA, most of the deposits are fluorite fissure veins hosted in monzonite, basalt, and young extrusive rocks, and there are a couple of small replacement bodies in limestone. Fluorite from the vein systems is typically cubic; fluorite from the replacement deposits consists of highly modified cubes and octahedra. Crystals are typically no larger than 6 cm, but some reach 12 cm. Colours include many shades of purple, green, blue, white, and rarely red. Some of the crystals rest on tiny white quartz crystals (R&M 95.5.419-420).

At Small Fry prospect, El Rito, El Rito District, Rio Arriba county, New Mexico, USA, rounded crystal aggregates of fluorite are found in veins in igneous rock and may be associated with small white baryte crystals and calcite. Individual botryoids are generally no more than 5 cm across and often form colloform groups. The fluorite is usually medium to dark purple and sometimes is coated with iridescent iron oxide (R&M 95.5.420).
Fluorite from the Small Fry Prospect - Image

At El Cuervo Butte, Santa Fe county, New Mexico, USA, transparent colorless cubes of fluorite have been found associated with baryte and minor galena. The cubes reach 2.5 cm and are modified by the dodecahedron (R&M 95.5.420).

At the San Pedro Mine, New Placers District, Santa Fe county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite is rare, but it has been found in the skarn system both as deep purple octahedra to 1.5 cm associated with hematite and laumontite, and as small grass-green modified cubes (R&M 95.5.420).

At the Bohrnstedt Prospect, San Andres Mountains, Sierra county, New Mexico, USA, a military area, purple-black cubes of fluorite were abundant on the dumps. The crystals, which had been exposed to the sun for more than sixty years, were not much paler in colour than material found underground. This is one of the very few areas in the state where fluorite is not very photosensitive. Single cubes reach 7.5 cm and typically grow as groups on plates of small quartz crystals (R&M 95.5.421).

At the Parker Prospect, Caballo Mountain District, Sierra county, New Mexico, USA, the deposit is hosted in limestone. Fluorite occurs as green cubic and octahedral crystals to 3.5 cm, some of them coated with a layer layer of crystalline quartz (R&M 95.5.421-422).

At the Black Knife group (Prospectors Delight Mine), Cuchillo Negro District, Sierra Cuchillo, Sierra county, New Mexico, USA, small, white to pale green fluorite crystals to 2 cm dot iron oxide–stained quartz pseudomorphs after scalenohedral calcite (R&M 95.5.422).
Fluorite from Black Knife - Image

At the Fairview Mine, Cuchillo Negro District, Sierra Cuchillo, Sierra county, New Mexico, USA, green botryoidal fluorite occurs covered with large epimorphs of quartz after rhombohedral calcite (R&M 95.5.422).

At the Vindicator Mine, Cuchillo Negro District, Sierra Cuchillo, Sierra county, New Mexico, USA, the deposit is a copper-lead-zinc garnet skarn system hosted in limestone adjacent to a contact with a monzonite sill. Fluorite has been found as mint-green octahedra to 2.5 cm on white quartz, and as green octahedra to 2.5 cm coated by a thin layer of snow-white albite associated with drusy quartz and microcrystals of green mottramite (R&M 95.5.423).

At the Lorraine prospects, Derry District, Sierra county, New Mexico, USA, the deposit is hosted in limestone. Fluorite has been found as stepped purple and green octahedra to 15 cm, with a later generation of purple-blue fluorite overgrowing select faces of the octahedra. It has also been found as complex teal blue–green cubes to 4 cm, some associated with brownish-yellow baryte and as transparent, pale green cubes modified by the dodecahedron (R&M 95.5.423-424).
Fluorite from the Lorraine Prospects - Image

At the Nakaye Mine, Derry District, Sierra county, New Mexico, USA, limestone beds have been replaced by fluorite. Associated minerals are colourless to white calcite crystals to 10 cm and small grey-green baryte crystals to 1 cm. Fluorite from the Nakaye mine is always cubic and can reach sizes of approximately 15 cm. Most crystals are in the 1–7-cm size range. Colour is varied, ranging from shades of blue, purple, green, grey, white, brown, and, in rare cases, yellow. The blues and purples tend to be very photosensitive; specimens placed in direct sunlight can fade to grey within 20–30 minutes. Penetration spinel twins are relatively common (R&M 95.5.424-425).
Fluorite from Nakaye - Image

At the Lemitar Mountain District, Socorro county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite occurs as gemmy pale green cubes to 4 cm on matrix, collected from small fluorite veins in granite (R&M 95.5.425).
Fluorite from the Lemitar Mountain District - Image

At the Blanchard mine, Hansonburg District, Socorro county, New Mexico, USA, fluorite occurs as “Blanchard Blue”, medium to dark blue cubes to about 2.5 cm scattered and perched on white quartz, also as teal-blue and green cubes to 5.4 cm in quartz matrix. Exceptional blue and purple cubic fluorite to 12 cm showed zoning of saturated purple cores with a blue rind. The Blanchard mine also produced one of the handful of known penetration twinned fluorite specimens (R&M 95.5.425-427).
Fluorite from the Blanchard Mine - Image

At the Linchburg Mine, Magdalena District, Socorro county, New Mexico, USA, there are both carbonate replacement deposits and skarn deposits where limestone beds have been replaced adjacent to a rhyolite sill and are also associated with a monzonite stock. Fluorite occurs as gemmy, highly etched pale purple dodecahedral crystals atop a first generation of pale green octahedra, and also as of etched mint-green octahedra associated with white baryte (R&M 95.5.427).

At Cabresto Creek, Questa District, Taos County, New Mexico, USA, this deposit is a small series of hydrothermal veins with fluorite and quartz. The fluorite occurs as dark purple crystals with green cores to 2.5 cm, typically showing multiple-growth octahedra, on a white crystalline quartz matrix (R&M 95.5.427-428).

Amity, Town of Warwick, Orange county, New York, USA, is an area of granite intrusions into marble and associated gneiss. The marble is mostly composed of white crystalline calcite that often has small flakes or spheres of graphite and phlogopite. Fluorite occurs as small, deep purple crystals of roughly cubic habit, both in white marble and in serpentine. Fluorite is also found embedded in tabular phlogopite crystals (R&M 96.5.437).
Fluorite from Amity - Image

At the Findlay Arch Mineral District spanning parts of Ohio, Michigan and Indiana, USA, fluorite occurs together with calcite and celestine in Silurian and Devonian limestone. These minerals formed in cavities after the rock was laid down. The dark brown fluorite from this locality is coloured by inclusions of bituminous particulates, and fluoresces blue under shortwave radiation (R&M 93.2.110-133).

At the Keyes Mica Quarries, Orange, Grafton County, New Hampshire, USA, the pegmatites are beryl-type rare-element (RE) pegmatites.
The Number 1 mine exposed a pegmatite that shows the most complex zonation and diverse mineralogy of any of the Keyes pegmatites. Six zones are distinguished, as follows, proceeding inward from the margins of the pegmatite:
(1) quartz-muscovite-plagioclase border zone, 2.5 to 30.5 cm thick
(2) plagioclase-quartz-muscovite wall zone, 0.3 to 2.4 metres thick
(3) plagioclase-quartz-perthite-biotite outer intermediate zone, 0.3 to 5.2 metres thick, with lesser muscovite
(4) quartz-plagioclase-muscovite middle intermediate zone, 15.2 to 61.0 cm thick
(5) perthite-quartz inner intermediate zone, 0.9 to 4.6 meters thick
(6) quartz core, 1.5 to 3.0 metres across
The inner and outer intermediate zones contained perthite crystals up to 1.2 meters in size that were altered to vuggy albite-muscovite with fluorapatite crystals. This unit presumably was the source of the albite, muscovite, fluorapatite, quartz and other crystallised minerals found in pieces of vuggy albite rock on the dumps next to the mine.
The middle intermediate zone produced sheet mica with accessory minerals including tourmaline, graftonite, triphylite, vivianite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and beryl crystals to 30.5 cm long and 12.7 cm across.
Fluorite was previously unknown from Grafton County pegmatites, so it was surprising when a glassy reddish specimen in smoky quartz, collected at the Keyes No. 1 mine, proved to be fluorite (R&M 97.4.316-317).
Fluorite from Keyes - Image

At the Penfield Quarry, Penfield, Monroe County, New York, USA, sharp, water-clear cubes of fluorite have been found. (MinRec 55.3.356).
Fluorite from the Penfield Quarry - Image

The Purple Diopside Mound, Rose Road, Pitcairn, St. Lawrence county, New York, USA, is situated in marble. The development of veins of large crystals probably occurred as a result of fluid penetration from a concurrent intrusion. Many of the minerals of interest to collectors formed during this primary event, with additional species resulting from the subsequent alteration of scapolite. There seems to be little, if any, secondary, late-stage mineralisation present.
Fluorite occurs sparingly as blue prismatic crystals to 4 cm in calcite, but is more common on the hill above the Purple Diopside Mound associated with purple diopside in calcite (R&M 96.6.549).

At Walworth Quarry, Walworth, Wayne County, New York, USA, sharp, water-clear cubes of fluorite have been found. (MinRec 55.3.356).
Fluorite from the Walworth Quarry - Image

The Stoneco White Rock Quarry, Clay Center, Allen Township, Ottawa county, Ohio, USA, has produced fine cubic fluorite crystals in shades of yellow and brown, often with interesting phantoms. Fluorite from the locality is almost invariably fluorescent bluish-white. Although uncommon, twinned tetrahedral orange-red sphalerite crystals also have been found at Clay Center (R&M 97.3.277).
Fluorite from the Stoneco Quarry - Image

At the Suever Stone Company quarry, Delphos, Van Wert county, Ohio, USA, fluorite occurs as small, cubic, bicolored yellow and purple crystals, rarely reaching 5 cm on edge. It is found occasionally in calcite-filled pockets lined with light brown fluorite that is fluorescent. The main concentrations of fluorite, however, are found as generally brown cubic crystals, either clear or translucent, in petroleum-containing pockets along with calcite, dolomite and/or pyrite. Rarely pockets contain fluorite needles, sheaves, and botryoids. The original needles are frequently covered with small cubes of fluorite of a later generation. Petroleum is present in all these pockets, and it is thought to be responsible for the brown colour of the fluorite. The surface layer of the sheaves and botryoids fluoresces to some degree, but the cores and needles show minimal fluorescence. The Suever fluorites differ from all other Ohio fluorites in that narrow dodecahedral faces {110} commonly occur, bevelling the edges between faces of the cube. Fluorite crystals here often contain phantoms with various depths of the usual brown colour (R&M 95.6.505-509, 512-514).
Fluorite from the Suever Stone Company Quarry - Image

Alteration

aegirine, anorthite and F₂ to albite, fluorite, magnetite and O₂
6NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆ + 3CaAl₂Si₂O₈ + 3F₂ = 6NaAlSi₃O₈ + 3CaF₂ + 2Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄ + 2O₂
(AM55.126-134)

aegirine, anorthite, quartz and cryolite to albite, fluorite, magnetite and O₂
12NaFe³⁺Si₂O₆ + 9CaAl₂Si₂O₈ + 21SiO₂ + 3Na₂NaAlF₆ = 21NaAlSi₃O₈ + 9CaF₂ + 4Fe²⁺Fe³⁺₂O₄ + O₂
It is only in anorthite-poor siliceous rocks that cryolite will form in preference to fluorite.
(AM55.126-134)

villiaumite, quartz and anorthite to albite and fluorite
2NaF + 4SiO₂ + CaAl₂Si₂O₈ = 2NaAlSi₃O₈ + CaF₂
Villiaumite and quartz cannot co-exist because they combine with anorthite present in the assemblage to form albite and fluorite, according to the above equation (AM55.126-134).

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